Quelltext der Seite South Tyrol: population, ethnic groups and historical migrations

This page tries to show some of the most interesting background of this subdivision of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tyrol historical Tyrol] by the view of a genetic genealogist with interest in population genetics. Nowadays melting pot seems to have developed in some waves: beginning with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman Ötzi the Iceman]'s time there where many changes. The main migrations seems to have happened in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age Iron Age], under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome Roman] power, in the  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period Migration Period] and in the 20th century. 

== History overview ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol South Tyrol] oldest ethnic group are the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladin Ladins]. They speak a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetian_languages Rhaeto-Romance language] developed from the local [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaetia Raeti] after the Romanization. The Raeti are a mysterious alpine people, with a own language ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetic_language Raetic language]) which had a strong influence (or descending) from [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etrusci&redirect=no Etrusci] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raetic_alphabet#Raetic_alphabets Raetic alphabets]), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noricum Noricans], other [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_languages Italic] peoples and maybe Illyrians (some wine terms still exist today) and also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts Celts]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls Gauls]. 

Sources tell of the first contact of Romans to Noricum in the Apenninon (Alps) [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincibilus 170 BC]. From then to the Roman conquest of Tyrolean places in 15 BC to later a bunch of local tribes where named by sources: Tridentini in the Atesis valley (arround [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento Trento]), Anauni ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_Valley Non Valley]), Isarci (in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsch Etsch] valley arround [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozen Bozen]), Venostes in the Isara valley ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinschgau Vinschgau]), Atacini in the Atax valley ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisack Eisack]/Isarco), Scaredrani (in the Eggen valley?), Saevates in the Byrrus valley ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puster_Valley Puster valley]), Laianoi in the young Dravus valley ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tyrol East Tyrol]), Focunates in the young Aenus valley and on the Likas river (arround [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landeck Landeck]) and Breuni in the Aenus valley (arround [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck Innsbruck]). 
The Roman era left deep [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire impressions on culture and language], similar to other European civilizations. Not much information is available how many people immigrated under Roman influence (until 500 AD). 

Beginning with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths Ostrogoths] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great Theodoric the Great] 493 AD) the Germanic tribes take over Tyrol lands. First the nobles and warriors broke resistance and took land and then settlers followed. In the Southern part the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langobards&redirect=no Langobards] where rulers (569 – 788). In the northern part the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bavaria Bavarians] took over the power and many settlers followed. From the east some [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavs&redirect=no Southern Slavs] tried to enter and had influence. In the northwest the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamanni Alamanni] had influence. After 788 the Bavarians ruled most parts of Tyrol and their German dialect is still today the dominating language. Settling activity probably was common until the 15th Century. Probably [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians#History_after_900 Hungarians/Magyars] in the 10th century had a short influence.

In the upper Vinschgau/Venosta valley until some centuries ago the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romansh_language Romansh language] was common. The time of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Hofer Andreas Hofer] (until 1809) was crucial for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol Tirolean] patriots. Especially after the middle of the 19th century a food and work crisis, pushed many Tiroleans to leave (some also for colonisation lands like in America). Before non-catholic-religion was the major reason for emigration.

The next big change was after 1918. Italy had received the southern part of Tyrol from Austria (South Tyrol and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino Trentino]). The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism fascist] rulers from 1923 to 1943 tried to totally [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol Italianize South Tyrol] and many Italians where settled in the main towns. At the same time Indigenous people was leaving mainly to northern german speaking lands. After 1945 the german/tyrolese speaking people fight for rights and 1972 the autonomous province of South Tyrol was reality. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol#Languages spoken Languages] have changed a lot: 1910 89 % German, 4 % Ladin and 3 % Italian; '''2001 64 % German, 4 % Ladin and 25 % Italian'''. But in the countryside still today Tyrolese and Ladin culture is dominating.

The Admixture between the ethnic groups in the last decades has increased, but is still primarily limited to the towns, so that many have ancestors mainly from one group. For scholars population (micro) isolates in the Ladin Valleys and upper Vinschgau/Venosta are interesting. 

== Map South Tyrol with historical migrations ==
[[Datei:South-Tyrol Map Oetzi latermigrations-populations.jpg]]

== Possible crucial events for migration Tyrol, Central Europe, Europe==
This list is in construction and not finished
* '''1347''' arrival of the Black Death in Europe, century-long European demographic decline. 
* '''1258''' Volcan Eruption: by ice findings the biggest in the last 10000 years, responsible for climate change. Little Ice Age. <ref>http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v5/n3/full/ngeo1394.html http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml http://www.earth-syst-sci-data-discuss.net/5/1/2012/essdd-5-1-2012-print.pdf http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/0,1518,821162,00.html</ref>
* '''535-36''' volcanic event: depressed the temperature of the earth for years. <ref>http://www.eh-resources.org/timeline/timeline_me.html</ref>
* 6000 - 2500 BC: Holocene Climate Optimum. Sea level higher than today. warmest period of the past 10000 years with temperatures about 2 degrees celsius higher than today.
* 7500 BC: melting of the ice sheets, flooding of many basins and disappearance of connecting land bridges

== Greater migrations and history of bordering regions ==
[[Datei:TiGen Southern-Slavic admixture 2012-03.png|thumb|Southern Slavic migrations]]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples Germanic peoples] ethno-linguistic group also called Teutonic or Gothic 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs Early Slavs] tribal societies in Migration period and early medieval Europe (ca. 5th to 10th centuries)

== See also ==
[[Tyrolean DNA admixture and genetic structure]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Genetic Genealogy]]
[[Kategorie:Population]]
[[Kategorie:History]]
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